More than a decade ago, executives at Arm Ltd saw the energy costs in datacenters soaring and sensed an opportunity to extend the low-power architecture of its eponymous systems-on-a-chip that has dominated the mobile phone markets from the get-go and took over the embedded device market from PowerPC into enterprise servers.
The idea was to create lower powered, cheaper, and more malleable alternatives to Intel Xeon and AMD Epyc CPUs.
It took years of developing the architecture, disappointments as some early vendors of Arm server processors collapsed or walked away from their plans, and immense effort to grow the software ecosystem, but the company now has a solid foothold in on-premises systems and in cloud datacenters
In its latest quarterly earnings filing in February, Arm boasted of its platform approach to markets, noting that in 2016, at least two-thirds of its revenue came from general-purpose CPUs in the mobile space. Now with platforms aimed at multiple markets, including cloud and networking systems. It has also made a mark in HPC, with Fujitsu’s A64FX processors – which power “Fugaku,” the fourth-fastest supercomputer on the most recently Top500 list – based on the Armv8.2-A architecture.
Arm chief executive officer Rene Haas sees a similar opportunity now with the rise of AI. Models now consume huge amounts of power and that will only increase in the future, Haas tells The Next Platform.
“I spend a lot of time talking to CEOs of these companies and this power issue has just been top of mind for everyone relative to finding different ways to address it because the benefits of everything that we think AI can bring are fairly immense,” Haas says. “To get more and more intelligence, better models, better predictiveness, adding in context, learning, etc., the need for compute is just going up and up and up, which then obviously drives power needs. It feels like it has just accelerated – pun intended – over the last number of months, with everything we’re seeing with generative AI and, and, particularly, with all these complex workloads.”
Arm – which with parent company SoftBank is part of the recent $110 million joint US-Japan plan to fund AI research, contributing $25 million to the plan – will play a central role in keeping reins on both the power consumption and associated costs, Haas says. Arm already has shown that its architecture can datacenters 15 percent more energy efficient. These types of savings can also translate to AI workloads, he says.
Haas notes that modern datacenters now consume about 460 terawatt hours of electricity per year, with that figure likely tripling by 2030. He has said that datacenters now consume about 4 percent of the world’s power requirements. Left unchecked, that could rise to as much as 25 percent.
That also will come at a cost. In Stanford University’s latest AI Index report, researchers wrote about the “exponential increase in cost of training these giant models,” noting that Google’s Gemini Ultra cost about $191 million worth of compute to train and OpenAI’s GPT-4 cost an estimated $78 million. By comparison, “the original Transformer model, which introduced the architecture that underpins virtually every modern LLM, cost around $900.”
Those costs will only grow, Haas says. The push to by AI companies like OpenAI and Google to reach artificial general intelligence (AGI) – the point where AI systems can reason, think, learn, and perform as well as or better than humans – will call for bigger and more complex models that need to be fed with more data, which will drive up the amount of power consumed.
“I think about just how sophisticated GPT-3 is versus GPT-4, which requires ten times the data, much larger size, longer tokens, etc. Yet it is still is quite limited in terms of its ability to do amazing things in terms of thinking, context, and judgement,” he says. “The models need to evolve and, on some level, need to get much more sophisticated in terms of the data sets. You can’t really do that unless you train more and more and more. It’s virtuous cycle. To get smarter and to advance it off the models and to do more research, you just have to run more and more training runs. In the in the next number of years, the amount of compute required to advance this training is going to be pretty prolific and it doesn’t feel like there’s any big fundamental change around the corner relative to how you how you run the models is there.”
In recent weeks, Arm, Intel, and Nvidia have rolled out new platforms aimed at addressing the growing AI power demands, including the pressure to do more of the model training and inferencing at the edge, where the data is increasingly being generated and stored. Arm this month unveiled the Ethos-U85 neural processing unit (NPU), promising four times the performance and 20 percent better power efficiency than its predecessor.
The same day, Intel unveiled its Gaudi 3 AI accelerator and Xeon 6 CPUs, with CEO Pat Gelsinger arguing that the chips’ capabilities and the vendor’s open-systems approach will drive AI workloads Intel’s way. Haas is not so sure, saying that “it might be hard for Intel and AMD to do their thing because they’re just building the standard products and the big idea of plugging in an Nvidia H100 accelerator connecting into an Intel or AMD CPU.”
The need for greater datacenter efficiency also is fueling the trend toward custom chips, Haas says, noting that most are being built with Arm’s Neoverse architecture. Those include Amazon’s Graviton processors, Google Cloud’s Axion, Microsoft Azure’s Cobalt, and Oracle Cloud’s Ampere, all of which not only drive better performance and efficiency but also the integration needed for AI workloads.
“Now you can essentially build an AI custom implementation for the datacenter and configure it almost in any fashion you want to get a huge level of performance out of it,” he says. “That is the opportunity for us going forward, these custom chips.”
He points to Nvidia’s AI-focused Grace Blackwell GB200 accelerators, which were introduced last month and include two Nvidia B200 Tensor Core GPUs connected to an Arm-based Grace CPU by a 900 GB/s NVLink interconnect.
“To some extent, Grace-Blackwell is a custom chip, because their previous H1 100s basically plugged into a rack and spoked to an X86 processor,” Haas says. “Now Grace-Blackwell is highly integrated into something that uses Arm. Arm is going to be central to much of this because the level of integration that Arm enables and the fact that you can do customization that will really allow for the most efficient type of workloads to be optimized. I’ll use Grace-Blackwell as an example. In that architecture, by using a CPU and GPU over NVLink, you start to address some of the key issues around memory bandwidth, because ultimately, these giant models need huge, huge amounts of access to memory to be able to run inference.”
He says system-level design optimizations made possible by Arm’s architecture helps reduce power consumption by 25X and improve performance-per-GPU by 30X over the H100 GPUs in LLMs. Such customization will be necessary in the AI era, where the pace of innovation and adoption is only accelerating.
“To some extent, one of the challenges that we have in the industry in general is that while these foundation models are getting smarter, smarter, smarter, and the pace of innovation is really fast, to build new chips takes a certain amount of time, to build new datacenters takes a certain amount of time, to build new power distribution capability takes a lot of time,” Haas says. “Ensuring that you are able to design chips with as much flexibility as possible, that’s pretty huge. But it is happening. It is happening at an incredible pace.”